Sanskrit Chemistry

Here, I am going to be translating some modern chemistry terms into Sanskrit, including naming almost all the elements of the periodic table. This is not going to be official and will be subject to revision. Most of the terms liek solution,solute, pressure, charge have been rendered in to Indian languages, so I won't cover them. However, I will finish off coining Sanskrit words for chemichal terms.

This topic is interesting because Ancient Indians did speculate on the idea of what we would label as atoms. Found earliest in Vaiseshika and Nyaya philosophies (older than the Buddha) and then in Hindu literature the indivisible particle was known as अणु or परमाणु. 

In modern Indian languages the same words are used though some textbooks confusingly say अणु is molecule while परमाणु is atom, so for simplicity molecule is घनाणु which is what the Sanskrit Dictionary for Spoken Sanskrit has coined. Atom will be अणु or परमाणु. A diatomic molecule is a द्व्यणुक (as usedby ancient/medieval Indian literature) And a Triatomic molecule is त्र्यणुक​ (as used by ancient Indian literature (later texts say a triad is 3 dyads for some reason) For general purposes कण will be used a particle in general.

So let us some up what we have so far:

Atom:  अणु or परमाणु

Molecule: घनाणु 

Diatomic: द्व्यणुक 

Triatomic: त्र्यणुक

Particle: कण 

Parts of an Atom

Above is a picture of a Lithium atom with the orbital model. Yellow are Protons, green are Neutrons, and Blue are Electrons. 

The Spoken Sanskrit Dictionary gives it as विद्युदणु though I want to refrain from using the ambigious word अणु as much as possible.  

as that refers to the atom Instead I will suggesting electron be translated as विद्युत्कण​, where विद्युत् means "electricity".   

To name Neutrons, I will call them "no charge particles". Charge in the science sense has been rendered into Sanskrit and used in local Indian languages liek Telugu. That word is आवेश. So Neutron is निरावेशकण. I am going to hold off on naming Protons, as I don't know what to call it. 

The nucleus of an atom is just simply केन्द्र.

Summary

Electron: विद्युत्कण

Neutron: निरावेशकण

Nucleus: केन्द्र

Measurements

Now onto measurements like Mole, Molarity, and Molality.

A Mole is the measure of particles so it would be कणमाण​.

Molarity is the amount of moles in a Liter. This is the standard measuring of concentration. Since this is the measure of how mixed (मिश्र) a particle (कण) is, the word for Molarity is मिश्रकणमान.

Molality is moles solute per kilogram solvent. This is by mass of stuff (bhUta भूत) so मिश्रभूतमान.

Summary

Mole: कणमाण

Molarity: मिश्रकणमान

Molality: मिश्रभूतमान

Polyatomic Ion Naming System

For the Polyatomic Ions or Ions in general we have the following suffixes: -ate, -ite, -ide. The Spoken Sanskrit Dictionary already coined the suffixes. 

For example bicarbonate  (as in Sodium Bicarbonate)  is dvyangarIya द्व्यङ्गारीय . Notice the “-Iya” suffixe. I will adopt this as the “-ate” suffix. 

The Spoken Sanskrit Dictionary gives the “-ide” suffix as “-eya” as Chloride is nIreya नीरेय, although i will coin a different word for chlorine. 

The "-ite" suffix is not given in the Spoken Sanskrit Dictionary as far as I have checked I will temporarily set the “-ite” suffix as “-Aya” (“-आय”).

To talk about the corresponding acid, just add आम्ल (acid) to the end.

Summary

-ate: -ईय​

-ite: -आय​

-ide: -एय​

The Periodic Table of Elements

I will now get into the fun part of naming the elements of the Periodic Table. An asterisk will indicate elements already found in the Indian languages or have been coined in some form. 

For new metals, I will be attatching the word आयस् to the end. आयस् means metal. 

Group 1:

Hydrogen: *उद्रजन ("water making")

Lithium: शिलवित्तायस् ("metal discovered from a rock")

Sodium: सैन्धवायस् ("metal from salt") or स्वर्ज्यायस् ("metal from natron")

Pottasium: यवक्षारायस् or सोरायस् (both "metal of salt-petre")

Rhubidium: अरुणायस् ("Red Light metal", अरुण is god of dawn, which has red light)

Cesium:  *द्युतात्वायस् (Cesium as द्युतातु found in Spoken Sanskrit Dictionary) 

Francium: फैरङ्ग्यायस् ("metal of France")

Group 2:

Beryllium: विडूर्यायस् (विडूर is existing neologism, backformation of वैडूर्य (beryll))

Magnesium: कङ्कुष्ठ्यायस् (कङ्कुष्ठ is Mangnesite in a paper I found)

Calcium: खट्यायस् ("chalk metal")

Barium: *हरिजायस् ("metal from Bartya", हरिजा is Bartya as per Spoken Sanskrit Dictionary)

Radium: हरिरश्म्यायस् ("metal of green rays")

Group 3:

Boron: टङ्कनायस् ("metal from Borax")

Aluminium: स्फट्यायस् ("metal from alum")

Gallium: फिरङ्ग्य ("of france")

Indium: नीलभायस् ("metal of blue shine")

Thallium: हरिभायस् ("metal of green shine")

Group 4:

Carbon: *अङ्गार ("coal")

Silicon: *सैकतायस् ("metal of sand")

Germanium: जर्मन्यायस् ("metal of Germany", need to coin word for "Germany")

Tin: *त्रपुस् ("tin")

Lead: *नाग or *सीस​  (both "lead")

Group 5:

Nitrogen: सोरजन ("salt-petre generating")

Phosphorous: *भास्वर ("shining")

Arsenic: नैपालीज​ ("born from Red Arsenic (Realgar)")

Antimony: *अञ्जन ("black antomony", according to wisdomlibrary)

Bismuth: *चपल?? (Not sure, maybe Sellinium?)

Group 6:

Oxygen: प्राणजन ("life producing") or *प्राणवायु ("gas of the breath of life").

Sulfur: *गन्धक ("sulfur")​

Selenium: चन्द्रतुल्य ("equal to the moon")

Tellurium: क्षासहित ("with the earth")

Group 7:

Flourine: वैक्रान्तजन​ ("producing flourite")

Chlorine: हरित​ ("green")

Bromine: कपिलपूत ("brown and stinky")

Iodine: धूम्रक​ ("purple")

Group 8:

Helium: सौर्य ("of the sun")

Krypton: निगूढक​ ("hidden")

Xenon: विलक्षक​ ("strange")

Radon: हरिरश्म्यायोज ("born from Radium")

Some Transition Metals (all names already exist in Sanskrit):

Iron: *लोह

Copper: *ताम्र

Gold: *स्वर्ण​

Silver: *रजत​

Zinc: *जसद (meaning assessed from Hindi)

Conclusion:

I have named a lot of chemicstry terms into Sanskrit, and I still have a long way to go. I may revisit the elements of the periodic table later, adding more or revising existing entries.