Cellular Respiration in Sanskrit

Cellular Respiration in most cells is when cells take glucose and break it down to get energy, which is stored as ATP. The process is complicated, but can be broken down into 4 parts: Glycolysis, Piruvate Oxidation, Citric Acid Cycle, and Oxadative Phosphoralization (Electron Transport Chain and Proton Pump and ATP Synthase. 

Now words like Electron Transport Chain have already been rendered in India languages, except for the electron part, where we should use the word विद्युत्कण​. So I will name stuff like NADH or FADH2 and stuff, and any important enzymes. 

Right off the bat I am going to coin a word for ATP. The full name is Adenosine Triphosphate, but I am not going to coin a word for this yet because I want to wait awhile before I try to a coin a word first for "Adenosine". So for the time being, I will call ATP as "Energy Carrying Particle": शक्तिधरकण or शक्तिवाहकण. Thus, ADP, one phosphate less, which is produced after ATP is used, is ऊन​शक्तिधरकण or ऊन​शक्तिवाहकण. A short hand for ATP and ADP could be शक्तिघराणु  and ऊन​शक्तिघराणु, respectively​.​

Glycolysis

Glycolysis is the first step in Cellular Respiration, in which Glucose (सच्छर्करा) is broken down into 2 Piruvates. This process actually consumes 2 ATP, but later on 4 ATP are made, giving a net ATP count of 2. In the mean time, happening twice, NAD+ takes electrons from Glucose to become NADH (two of them). The formation of NADH strips away 4 protons (Hydrogen Ions) from Glucose, and 2 are used to make NADH and the other 2 float away into the Cytoplasm. 

Glycolysis means "Glucose breaking" which in Sanskrit would be सच्छर्कराविभजन​. 

NADH and FADH are are like a pan that carries the high energy electrons to the Electron Transport Chain. I will coin for them full chemical names, but for out purposes a short hand would be respectively " Great Electron Carrier Particle" and "Mighty Electron Carrier Particle": महाविद्युद्वाहकण​ and भूरिविद्युद्वाहकण​.

Pyruvate is named because it first was derived from the Tartic Acid of grapes. I shall dub Tartate "that of grapes" or द्राक्षिकीय​, and Pryuvate as उपद्राक्षिकीय (second to Tartate) or अपद्राक्षिकीय​  ((taken) away from Tartate). I will have to decide on which of those two later. For now, I will stick to the former. 

I shall describe this process in steps:

Preperation Part:

1) Glucose (सच्छर्करा) is phosphorylated (भास्वरीयाकरणम्) to make Glucose-6-Phosphate or ६-भास्वरीय-सच्छर्करा (सष्टि-भास्वरीय-सच्छर्करा); One ATP (शक्तिघराणु) is consumed

    Enzyme: Hexokinase (षडङ्गरिशर्करा-प्रावेजक​/षडङ्गरिशर्कराप्रोत्प्रेरक​) 

2) Glucose-6-Phosphate is isomerised (समाङ्गईकरणम्) to Fructose-6-Phosphate or ६-भास्वरीय-फलशर्करा (सष्टि-भास्वरीय-फलशर्करा). One ATP (शक्तिघराणु) is consumed

    Enzyme: Phosphogluco-Isomerase (भास्वरीयसच्छर्करा-समाङ्गावेजक​). 

3) Fructose-6-Phosphate is phospohrylated to make Fuctose 1,6-Bisphosphate or १,६ द्विभास्वरीय​-फलशर्करा.

    Enzyme: Phosphofructo-kinase (भास्वरीय-फलशर्करा-समाङ्गाप्रोत्प्रेरक​) 

4) Fuctose 1,6-Bisphosphate is cleaved into to make Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate (३-भास्वरीय​-वासामाद्यशर्करा) and Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate (द्विप्राण्योदक्य-प्राण्यकण्ठकि-भास्वरीय)

    Enzyme: Aldolase (उदक्यपल्लविशर्करा-आवेजक​)

5) The Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate is isomerised into Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate

    Enzyme: Triose Phosphate Isomerase (त्रिशर्करा-भास्वरीय​-समाङ्गावेजक)

Payoff Part:

6) The 2 Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphates are dehydrogenated (उदक्यहरण​) and phosphorylated into 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate (१,३-द्विभास्वरीय​-वासामाद्यकीय​). 2 NADH are made

    Enzyme:  Dehydrognase (उदक्यहरावेजक​)

7) The second phosphates from the carbonyl ends for of the two 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate are removed and added to 2 ADP to make 2 ATP. 3-Phosphoglycerates (३-भास्वरीय​-वासामाद्यकीय) are made.

8)  From the 3-Phosphoglycerates, the -OH's anf the remaining phosphate are swapped to make  2-Phosphoglycerates (२-भास्वरीय​-वासामाद्यकीय).

    

    Enzyme: Mutase (सङ्क्रामावेजक​)

9) The -OH's are removed and 2 H2O's are made as a biproduct. Two Phosphoenol Pyruvates (भास्वरीय​-जलीयकण्टकि-उपद्राक्षकीय​) are made.

    Enzyme: Enolase (जलीयकण्टकिहरावेजक​)

10) The two Phosphoenol Pyruvates are converted into Pyruvates (उपद्राक्षकीय​). 2 ATPs are made. 

    Enzyme: Pyruvate Kinase (उपद्राक्षकीय-प्रावेजक/उपद्राक्षकीय-प्रोत्प्रेरक)

 

Pyruvate Oxidation

In Pyruvate Oxidation (उपद्राक्षिकीयस्य विद्युदाहरणम्) a Pyruvate molecule is oxadised in successive steps to finally become Acetyl Coenzyme A (Acetyl CoA). I will name this molecule later, but we should first make a word for coenzyme, which is molecule that binds to another enzyme or part of an enzyme, to make a fully functioning enzyme. I will thus call it "Enzyme Friend" or आवेजमित्रम् or मित्रावेजक​. Actyle CoA enters the mitochondria (शक्तिकल्पक​​ ,"energy makers"). In the mean time another NADH (महाविद्युद्वाहकण) is created plus two more Hydrogen Ions (Protons) are lost to the solution. 1 molecule of Carbon Dioxide, which I render as अङ्गरद्विप्राण्यकेय​​ or shorthandedly as "exhalation substance" --रेचद्रव्य​-- is lost. This happens for each of the 2 pyruvates, so twice these molecules are created.  

Citric Acid Cycle 

The Citric Acid Cycle (नैबूकीय​-अम्ल​-चक्र​) is the cycle in which Oxaloacatate and Acetyl CoA are processed to regenerate Oxaloacatate (for it to react with another Acetyl CoA) as well as send the electrons to make NADH and FADH. Carbon Dioxide is also released in this process. 

First I shall name Acetyl CoA, which I will keep things simple and just call it "Acetyl Coenzyme" or चौक्रविटपि-मित्रावेजक​.

The second molecule of interest is Oxaloacetate. First I shall name the Oxalate ion, which will just be "of Oxalis (wood sorrel)" or लोलिकीय​. Thus Oxaloacetate is (लोलिका --> लौलिकि) लौलिकिचुक्रीय​.  

1) Acetyl CoA (चौक्रविटपि-मित्रावेजक) binds with Oxaloacetate (लौलिकिचुक्रीय) to produce Citrate (नैबूकीय; hence the name of the cycle).

    

    Enzyme: Citrate Synthase (नैबूकीय-संश्लेषावेजक​)

2) Then the citrate is converted into Cis-Aconitate (सामपक्ष​-सांवैषीय​​; the सांवैषीय​ part from Antonitum, the poison plant genus from which Aconitate was first isolated).

    

    Enzyme: Aconitase (सांवैषीयावेजक​)

3) Cis-Aconitate is converted to Isocitrase (समनैबूकीय) 

    Enzyme: Aconitase (सांवैषीयावेजक​)

4) Isocitrate is converted to Alpha-Ketoglutarate (२-प्राण्यकण्ठद्विजलीयपल्लविपञ्चाङ्गारिकीय​; Using a "Sanskrit IUPAC" name until I think of a better name). CO2 leaves, and NADH is made. 

    Enzyme: Isocitrase Dehydrogenase (समनैबूकीय-उदक्यहरावेजक)

    

5) Alpha-Ketoglutarate, after CoA enters, is converted to Succinyl-CoA (धौनविटपि-मित्रावेजक; Succinate = धूनकीय​​. ). CO2 leaves, and NADH is made.  

 

    Enzyme: Alpha Ketoglutaric Dehydrogenase Complex (२-    प्राण्यकण्ठद्विजलीयपल्लविपञ्चाङ्गारिकीय​-उदक्यहरावेजक-सङ्कुल​)

6) Succinyl-CoA then is converted to Succinate (धूनकीय). A GTP is made, which is readily converted to ATP.

    Enzyme: Succinyl-CoA Synthase (धौनविटपि-मित्रावेजक-संश्लेषावेजक)

7) Succinate is converted to Fumerate (वर्मकण्टाकीय​). FADH plus is made. 

    Enzyme: Succinate Dehydrogenase (धूनकीय-उदक्यहरावेजक)

8) Fumerate is converted to Malate (सेवफलीय​).

    Enzyme: Fumarase (वर्मकण्टाकीयावेजक​)

9) Malate is converted to Oxoloacetate. 

    Enzyme: Malate Dehydrogenase (सेवफलीय-उदक्यहरावेजक)

10) Oxaloacetate is combined with another Acetyl-CoA to restart the cycle. 

Electron Transport Chain

The ETC or विद्युत्कण​-अभिगमन​-शृङ्खला (The "विद्युत्कण" part is my own coining) has two functions. The first is to pump protons against its electrochemical gradient only for them to fall back down and drive ATP Synthase to make ATP. The second is to ensure the electrons reach Oxygen at the end. 

1) The first enzyme is the Complex 1 (प्रथम​-(आवेजक​)-सङ्कुल​) or NADH-CoQ-Oxidoreductase (महाविद्युद्वाहकण-सर्वोपधौपिक​-वैद्युतदानहरणावेजक​). NADH drops the electrons here. Protons (प्राणु) are pumped.

2) Those electrons go to CoQ or Ubiquinone (सर्वोपधौपिक​; "quinone (found in) all (beings)). These then go to Complex 2 (द्वितीय​​​-(आवेजक​)-सङ्कुल​) or Succinate Dehydrogenase (धूनकीय-उदक्यहरावेजक). FADH dumps some more electrons. 

3) Those electrons then go Complex 3 (तृतीय​​​​-(आवेजक​)-सङ्कुल​) or Cytochrome-bc1-Complex (द्वितीयतृतीय​-कोशरङ्ग-​सङ्कुल; Cytochrome = कोशरङ्ग). Protons are pumped.

4) The electrons then go to Complex 4 (चतिर्थ​​​​​-(आवेजक​)-सङ्कुल​) or Cytochrome-c-Oxidase (तृतीय​-कोशरङ्ग-वैद्युतहरावेजक​). Protons are pumped. The elctrons are finall recieved by Oxygen. Water is also made. 

5) All those protons then fall back down to drive ATP Synthase (शक्तिघरकण संशेलाषावेजक​). 

Anaerobic Molecules

Lactic Acid is a biproduct of Anaerobic respiration. Lactic acid, and by extension the ion Lactate, is named because it was first isolated from sour milk (lac = milk in Latin). Lactic acid si what makes milk into curd or yoghurt. Sour milk (and curd) in Sanskrit is दधि, hence Lactate is दधीय​, and Lactice Acid is दधीय-अम्ल​.  Or we can be faithful to the enzymes relation to lactose and call it क्षीरीय​. Likewise, in yeast, anerobic respiration makes ethanol (सुमद्य/द्व्यङ्गारमद्य​).

Conclusion

This was a huge project for me, and I am glad to have done it. Unlike the other posts, I am not going to compile the translations into a list at the end given how long it will be and moreover the importance of the chemicals means they can't be listed out, divorced from their context. In anycase, I am probably going to update some of these names in the future.