Genetics in Sanskrit

In a previous blog, where I named stuff pertaining to bacteria, I also named some stuff pertaining to genetics. In this blog, I will continue naming genetics terms into Sanskrit. 

Below are a list of Sanskrit terms from that previous blog pertaining to genetics:

Gene: जन्त्र

Codon: त्रिक

Chromosome: गुणसूत्र

DNA: गुणतन्त्र

Plasmid: गुणवलय

Promoter: आरंभभाग

Gene of Interest: इष्टजन्त्र 

Terminator: अन्तिमभाग

Origin of Replication: प्रतिकृतिभाग​

Selection Marker: वरणभाग

Multiple Clone Site: बह्वनुकृतिस्थान

Restriction Site: छेदस्थान

Restriction Enzyme: छेदावेजकण

Primer: आरब्ध्रक

Plasmid Template/Backbone: आधर​(गुण​)वलय

Bases

I should first take the time to label the parts of a nucleotide (केन्द्राम्लाङ्ग​). There is the Phosphate Backbone  or भास्वरीय​-आधार. Then there is the ribose and deoxyribose sugars or निभवव्वोलशर्करा and निष्प्राण्योदक्य​-निभवव्वोलशर्करा. Then finally are the bases or क्षार​. 

There are the Purines and Pyrimidines, which have 2 rings and 1 ring, respectively, both with niteogens. Thus सोर्यद्विवलयिन् and सोर्यैकवलयिन्​ /सोर्यचक्र​. ​

There are 5 main bases: Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine, Thymine, Uracil.

For now, I will give them a rough "Sanskrit IUPAC" name (except for Adenine and Guanine): 

C: कण्ठनवसार्यसोर्यचक्रक [क]​

G: सकण्ठकशक्तिद्रव्याङ्ग (the nucleotide as a whole is सकण्ठकशक्तिद्रव्याङ्गिन्). [स]

A:शक्तिद्रव्याङ्ग​ (the nucleotide as a whole is शक्तिद्रव्याङ्गिन्). [श]

T: निरेकि-द्विकन्ठसोर्यचक्रक [नि]​

U: द्विकण्ठसोर्यचक्रक [द्वि]​

 ​

RNA

We already have a neologism for DNA, but we nead one for RNA. Since RNA is related to DNA, and is seen as a more "primitive" form, I will call it "sub DNA" or उपगुणतन्त्र​. There are 3 types of RNA. The first is Messenger RNA which is what is created when DNA is transcribed. Thus सन्देश​-उपगुणतन्त्र​. In Eukaryotes, mRNA is spliced (छेदयोग​) to remove introns and keept exons. Introns are sequences taken out of the mRNA, thus त्यक्तभाग​, while exons are kept in to the final mRNA transcript, thus न्यस्तभाग​. 

The second type of RNA is Transfer RNA, which bring in amino acids to the riboseome. I will call them "bringer RNA" or आनेत्रुपगुणतन्त्र​. The ribosome (प्रोभुजिनकर​) is made of Ribosomal RNA or प्रोभुजिनकर-उपगुणतन्त्र​. 

The enzymes the expand sequences of nucleotides, or any monomers, are polymerases, which I will call प्रतत्यावेजकण​. The enzyme Helicases unwinds the DNA thus अनावर्तावेजक​.

Ribonucleic Proteins (RNPs) I shall call उपगुणतन्त्रप्रोभूजिन​.

Gene Regulation

Sequences that enhance transcription are Enchancers or वृद्ध्यनुक्रम​. Sequences that reduce transcription are called Silencers, but I will call them "restraining sequences" or नियमानुक्रम.​ The proteins that bind to enhancers are Activators or वृद्धिकारक​, those that bind to silencers or operators (यमानुक्रम​) are Repressors or नियमकारक​.

Any Regulatory Sequence or portion of a DNA is नियमनभाग. 

 

In bacteria, genes are found in clusters called operons,which I will appropriately call जन्त्रगण​ or जन्त्रसमूह​. 

Mutations

We already have a word for this used in Hindi, which is उत्परिवर्तन​. A Mutant organism is thus उत्परिवर्तिन्.  A Silent Mutation is a "hidden mutation" or निगूढ​-उत्परिवर्तन.  

A Single Nucleotide Polymorphism  will be rendered as "single nucleotide difference" or एक​-गुणतन्ताङ्ग​-भिन्नता​ and एककाङ्गभिन्नता for short. 

A Haplotype is a Y-chromosomal or Mitochondrial heritage based set of alleles (विकल्पिन्) inherited from the male line or female line respectively. Thus  "following only half the genetic line" or अर्धानुवंशग. A Y-chromosomal haplotype is अनुपितृकान्वयिन्, and a Mitochondrial haplotype is अनुमातृकान्वयिन्. A Y-chromosomal Haplogroup (अर्धानुवंशगगण​)​ is अनुपितृकान्वयिगण and a Mitochondrial Haplogroup is अनुमातृकान्वयिगण. 

SNPs can be analysed with a Principle Component Analysis (PCA) or प्रधान​-धातु-विस्लेशन​ or प्रधान​-विस्लेशन as a short hand. ​ 

Summary:

Gene: जन्त्र

Allele: विकल्पिन्

Codon: त्रिक

Chromosome: गुणसूत्र

DNA: गुणतन्त्र

RNA: उपगुणतन्त्र

mRNA: सन्देश​-उपगुणतन्त्र

tRNA: आनेत्रुपगुणतन्त्र

rRNA:प्रोभुजिनकर-उपगुणतन्त्र

Ribosome: प्रोभुजिनकर

RNP: उपगुणतन्त्रप्रोभूजिन​

C: कण्ठनवसार्यसोर्यचक्रक [क]​

G: सकण्ठकशक्तिद्रव्याङ्ग (the nucleotide as a whole is सकण्ठकशक्तिद्रव्याङ्गिन्). [स]

A:शक्तिद्रव्याङ्ग​ (the nucleotide as a whole is शक्तिद्रव्याङ्गिन्). [श]

T: निरेकि-द्विकन्ठसोर्यचक्रक [नि]​

U: द्विकण्ठसोर्यचक्रक [द्वि]

Splicing: छेदयोग

Intron: त्यक्तभाग

Exon: न्यस्तभाग

Polymerase: प्रतत्यावेजकण

Helicase: अनावर्तावेजक​

Plasmid: गुणवलय

Promoter: आरंभभाग

Gene of Interest: इष्टजन्त्र 

Terminator: अन्तिमभाग

Origin of Replication: प्रतिकृतिभाग​

Selection Marker: वरणभाग

Multiple Clone Site: बह्वनुकृतिस्थान

Restriction Site: छेदस्थान

Restriction Enzyme: छेदावेजकण

Primer: आरब्ध्रक

Plasmid Template/Backbone: आधर​(गुण​)वलय

Operon: जन्त्रगण​ or जन्त्रसमूह​

Enchancer: वृद्ध्यनुक्रम

Activator: वृद्धिकारक

Repressor: नियमकारक

Operator: यमानुक्रम

Regulatory Sequence: नियमनभाग

Mutation: उत्परिवर्तन

Mutant: उत्परिवर्तिन्

Silent Mutation:  निगूढ​-उत्परिवर्तन

SNP: एक​-गुणतन्ताङ्ग​-भिन्नता​ and एककाङ्गभिन्नता for short

Haplotype: अर्धानुवंशग

Y-Chromosomal Haplotype: अनुपितृकान्वयिन् 

Mitochondrial haplotype:अनुमातृकान्वयिन्

Haplogroup: अर्धानुवंशगगण

Y-chromosomal Haplogroup: अनुपितृकान्वयिगण

Mitochondrial Haplogroup: अनुमातृकान्वयिगण. 

PCA: प्रधान​-धातु-विस्लेशन​ or प्रधान​-विस्लेशन as a short hand